Given the breadth and importance of RANGElands in water and soil conservation, fodder production and environmental services and evidence of the destruction of this resource, some measures must be taken to prevent damage and also improve its condition. One of the most important measures is preparation and implementation of RANGE MANAGEMENT Plans. Hence, it is necessary to consider implemented projects to know that how much they have contributed in preventing damage and improving RANGElands. In this research winter RANGElands (with and without RANGE MANAGEMENT Plans) were investigated in Zarandieh. For this purpose, 16 RANGElands with RANGE MANAGEMENT plan and 14 RANGElands without RANGE MANAGEMENT plan were selected so that all MANAGEMENT types (private, collective and different areas of RANGEland) were taken into consideration with same climate conditions as far as possible. Consequently all RANGElands were selected from Mamoonieh-Zarandieh region with warm and dry weather. After calculating the number of plots (60) and its size (2m2) in each vegetation type, a reference area was selected in which vegetation factors including canopy cover, yield, density, litter, species richness, RANGE condition and trend were evaluated in time of RANGE readiness. Statistical analysis of data was performed by t-test. According to the results, there were significant differences between studied RANGElands in most of factors. Overall result of the study showed a better condition for RANGElands with RANGE MANAGEMENT Plans.

Social capital is one of the important concepts in sociology that it is necessary for social correlation and resistant development. The subject of this study is investigation of correlation between social capital factors and participation of exploitation in RANGE MANAGEMENT plans Performance in each exploitation systems. Reference population in this study according to the grazing license, was divided to private exploitation, collective exploitation and conciliar exploitation. Based on stratified random sampling method and Cochran formula, the sample volumes 50 of Ranches were estimated. For data collection was used questioner and interview. That interviewed with 93 people of exploitations. Descriptions result showed that in this area 66% of stockholders used RANGEland as collective exploitation, 20% as conciliar exploitation and 14% as private exploitation do exploit from RANGElands. Appreciation result showed that there is significant differences between social capital among and participation of exploitation in RANGE MANAGEMENT plan Performance (P<0.05). Kruskal Wallis test showed that there is significant difference between social capital with RANGEland exploitation systems in this area(P<0.05).Finally index of social capital in this area showed that private exploitation has the highest social capital for RANGE MANAGEMENT plan Performance. It seems that Amplification of social capital items between exploitation, increase cooperation of exploitation in participation of RANGE MANAGEMENT plans performance.

This study evaluated the implementation or non-implementation of predicted project of RANGE plan in Isfahan province. Accordingly, first, the list of RANGE MANAGEMENT plans was prepared. Next, the list of predicted projects for each plan was extracted. Afterwards, quantity and quality of information and barriers to project implementation were determined by using the field visits of RANGElands, interviews with experts and exploiters of RANGElands. The results showed that the predicted projects of RANGE plans have not completely implemented (average 37.58%). In the meantime, the projects of water container, livestock wells, aqueducts and fountains and pile had the best condition and dry farming, direct seeding had the worst condition. Also The revise of the RANGE MANAGEMENT Plan, failure to provide banking facilities for projects, weakness monitoring projects, problems with the proximity of RANGE allotments, no exit surplus livestock, venture capital for projects, formulates problems in RANGE, and the lack of consent of plan executors were the most important technical, social and economic barriers. It seems that RANGE plans do not have enough efficiency due to technical, social and economic problems. Therefore, they should be revised in this regard regarding multiuse of RANGElands.

RANGElands are one of the major sources of forage production in the country and in addition to its effects on the production of livestock products, a large population is dependent on RANGElands because of animal husbandry. Since the government applies MANAGEMENT on RANGElands through RANGE MANAGEMENT plans, therefore, in this study, direct and indirect effects of MANAGEMENT variables on RANGE condition and trend as well as RANGEland production were investigated by selecting three RANGE MANAGEMENT plans at three levels of successful, moderately successful and unsuccessful in Kerman, Kermanshah, Mazandaran, Khorasan Razavi and West Azarbaijan provinces. MANAGEMENT variables were included as follows: the accuracy of RANGEland and livestock data, project compatibility with natural conditions, beneficiaries' conditions, funding and the capabilities of human resources, predicting the executive and beneficiaries' obligations, executive calendar, and active supervisors. According to the results of rank correlation by Spearman, variables of RANGE condition and trend as well as RANGEland production had a high rank correlation together.According to the results of path analysis, variables including the accuracy of RANGEland data, project compatibility with the capabilities of human resources, predicting the executive obligations, active supervisors, and beneficiaries' obligations were the factors which improved RANGE condition and trend as well as RANGEland production. Due to the negative impact of variables including project compatibility with funding, project compatibility with beneficiaries' conditions, and executive calendar on RANGE condition and trend as well as RANGEland production, these variables must be revised and their function need be evaluated. In addition, it is emphasized that greater sensitivity is required in planning for the future due to the negative effect of these variables. Other variables had no favorable or negative effect directly; however, they affected RANGE condition and RANGE trend as well as RANGEland production indirectly.

This study aimed to introduce electric fences for implementing grazing systems to reduce costs of herding. This experiment was conducted with two different breeds of livestock in Taleghan RANGElands over two years. RANGE and medicinal plants were identified and their palatability classes were determined and the study area was divided into some homogeneous sections. Livestock behavior in the sections was studied between various grazing interval periods. Livestock weights in two-time steps (first and second years) were compared using paired t-test and showed no significant differences. The gain weight rate in the second year was 11. 5 % compared with the 3. 7 % in the first year. Results revealed that using electric fences to implement grazing system caused more economic advantage because it increased grazing period, cuts the costs for shepherds and decreases winter cost for feeding animals. RANGE managers can harvest medicinal plants more efficiently using this technique and gain more profit.

The RANGE, grass and/or grazing lands are the most important, extensive, useful and beautiful God given resource not only at the disposal and the uses of the human beings but also, at the disposal and the uses of the other living creatures all over the land sphere. Since it is as such, then inevitably, the RANGE spaces are exposed to the most dangerous natural damages and afflictions, as well as to the human and non-human events, occurrences and incidents. This phenomenon and characteristic as well as the conditions accompany it in respect to the existence of the RANGElands, more or less in any territory from the beginning of life along with the time till now, had been running as such. As a result, especially in recent centuries, the human beings had been watching the gradual, but continuing death of enormous, beneficial, pure and abundant natural grasslands. As far as numerous witnesses approve the story that the gradual death of the grasslands in many parts of the world, had been followed by continuous disaster of droughts, still followed by the destruction of the subsistence sites on the earth globe and consequently, the fall of human civilization in other parts of the earth. Now, considering the necessity of the grasslands sustainable MANAGEMENT, as one of the most outstanding bio-resources for all of the living creatures all over the land sphere. The goal of this article was to plan extension educational strategies for the sustainable process of maintaining, revival, development and exploitation of the country’s grasslands. For this purpose, while doing the library searches, the basic researches for this article, had taken place on the bases of clinical surveys through observations, meetings and interviews with individuals and groups involved in exploitation and maintenance of the grasslands in the territories of the counties and villages’ as well as in pasturelands resorts and also in the country’ institutions and organizations involved. The findings which were based on the experiments and studies relying on “natural –pivoted development”, indicate the reality that ahead of any move in the process of maintaining, revival, development and exploitation of the country’s grasslands, it is necessary to plan extension educational strategies to start with. In this relation, this article contains a review of the literature on the philosophy, principles, objectives (as the pillars or the essential elements) as well as the strategies regarding the School of Extension Education, which is briefly discussed in the appendix.In completing the role of these essential elements, after explaining the extension teaching methods, the addressed groups including local and technical leaders, traditional know-how men and professional shepherds (the rural as well as the tribe) and also the needed training workshops, and the other necessary methods to train general volunteer rural and tribal animal keepers, had been mentioned. These teaching and training methods had been defined and introduced in the meantime, at the end of the article. Also in addition to some recommendations, reference is made to some training motives and incentives in order to attract the training objective groups, as well as to evaluate the basis of the effectiveness of the extension training activities regarding the extension educational MANAGEMENT in RANGE sustainable exploitation.

Human being, now and in future, absolutely requires natural resources to continue his life especially RANGElands as the most vital bed for sustainable development of environment and ecological phenomena, main feed supply for livestock in traditional animal husbandry system and so forth. RANGElands with an area of 90 million ha, about 60% of the country area, have undeniable role in socioeconomic calculations of the country. Despite several plans designed for RANGE improvement and MANAGEMENT, RANGElands are exposed to serious threats. It seems that recognition of beneficiaries' indigenous knowledge including nomads as the most main utilizer in RANGElands is utmost important for RANGE improvement. This current qualitative study was carried out to identify and document the indigenous knowledge of Kalhor tribe's nomads for native mechanisms of RANGE MANAGEMENT. Gilan e gharb city of Kermanshah province was selected in this research. Data collection was performed through techniques like PRA and RRA were used. According to the nature of qualitative research, targeted sampling was applied and collected data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings refers to issues such as RANGEland classification based upon slope, animal unit, RANGEland segmentation, some native strategies in RANGE MANAGEMENT like migration, RANGE analysis and so forth.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of RANGEland dedication. The research population included all the RANGEland owners (N=45) and all the pasture experts (N=32) .Moreover, data was gathered through two main methods, i.e. library, documentary and field methods. The viewpoints and suggestions of professors, researchers and experts were used for the purpose of determining the validity of questionnaire. Based on Kerenbakh Alpha Coefficient, the results of questionnaire reliability was determined 0.89 and 0.91 for the questions relating to pasture owners and experts, respectively. The result of Spearman correlative coefficient indicated that the relation between the variables of: beneficiary literacy, beneficiary training, improving economic capability of beneficiary family through granting credits, improving economic capability of beneficiary family through breeding and reclamation of pastures, and improving economic capability of exploiters’ family through combination of cultivation and animal husbandry, decreasing livestock, executive effective regulations, and improving economic capability of exploiters’ family through productive plans with variable of level of success in RANGEland privatization in the form of pasture MANAGEMENT plans is positive.The results gained from Man - Whitney examination indicate that there is no meaningful difference between the viewpoint of experts and pasture owners concerning the level of success in RANGEland privatization in the form of pasture MANAGEMENT plans and both groups have similar opinion. The results gained from multivariable regression in stepwise method show that the variables of improving economic capability of beneficiary capability had have positive effect on level of success in RANGEland privatization in the form of pasture MANAGEMENT plans by combination of cultivation and animal husbandry, beneficiary training, improving economic capability of exploiters’ family through pastures breeding and reclamation and decreasing the number of livestock.